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The Russian apartment bombings were a series of explosions that hit four apartment blocks in the Russian cities of Buynaksk, Moscow and Volgodonsk in September 1999, killing 307 and injuring more than 1700 people and spreading a wave of fear across the country. The bombings, together with the Dagestan War, led the country into the Second Chechen War. The blasts hit Buynaksk on 4 September, Moscow on 9 September and 13 September and Volgodonsk on 16 September. A similar explosive device was found and defused in an apartment block in the Russian city of Ryazan on 22 September.〔(Ответ Генпрокуратуры на депутатский запрос о взрывах в Москве ) , (machine translation ).〕 The next day Prime Minister of Russia Vladimir Putin praised the vigilance of the inhabitants of Ryazan and ordered the air bombing of Grozny, which marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War.〔 According to the official version and sentences of judicial authorities of Russia, acts of terrorism were organized and financed by heads of the illegal armed group Islamic institute "Caucasus".〔(of the Moscow city court of January 12, 2004 in the matter of Yusuf Krymshamkhalov and Adam Dekkushev )〕 Thirty-six hours later, three FSB agents who had planted this device were arrested by the local police. The incident was declared to be a training exercise. These events led to allegations that the bombings were a "false flag" attack perpetrated by the FSB in order to legitimize the resumption of military activities in Chechnya and bring Vladimir Putin to the presidency.〔(David Satter - House committee on Foreign Affairs )〕〔David Satter. ''Darkness at Dawn: The Rise of the Russian Criminal State''. Yale University Press. 2003. ISBN 0-300-09892-8.〕 Parliament member Yuri Shchekochikhin filed two motions for a parliamentary investigation of the events, but the motions were rejected by the Russian Duma in March 2000. An independent〔(Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin - Amnesty International )〕 public commission to investigate the bombings was chaired by Duma deputy Sergei Kovalev. The commission was rendered ineffective because of government refusal to respond to its inquiries.〔(MN.RU: Московские Новости )〕〔(Радиостанция "Эхо Москвы" / Передачи / Интервью / Четверг, 25.07.2002: Сергей Ковалев )〕 Two key members of the Kovalev Commission, Sergei Yushenkov and Yuri Shchekochikhin, have since died in apparent assassinations. The Commission's lawyer Mikhail Trepashkin was arrested.〔 (Volgodonsk (Rostov region) apartment bombing; criminal investigation of Moscow and Buynaksk apartment bombings ), an interview with FSB public relations director Alexander Zdanovich and MVD head of information Oleg Aksyonov by Vladimir Varfolomeyev, ''Echo of Moscow'', 16 September 1999. (computer translation )〕 The official Russian investigation of the bombings was completed in 2002 and concluded that all the bombings were organized and led by Achemez Gochiyaev, who remains at large, and ordered by Islamist warlords Ibn Al-Khattab and Abu Omar al-Saif, who have been killed. Five other suspects have been killed and six have been convicted by Russian courts on terrorism-related charges. Yury Felshtinsky, Alexander Litvinenko, Boris Berezovsky, David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, and the secessionist Chechen authorities claimed that the 1999 bombings were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya, which boosted Prime Minister and former FSB Director Vladimir Putin's popularity, and brought the pro-war Unity Party to the State Duma and Putin to the presidency within a few months.〔〔(''Boris Kagarlitsky, a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences Institute of Comparative Politics, writing in the weekly Novaya Gazeta, says that the bombings in Moscow and elsewhere were arranged by the GRU'' )〕〔''In Memoriam Aleksander Litvinenko'', Jos de Putter, Tegenlicht documentary VPRO 2007, Moscow, 2004 Interview with Anna Politkovskaya〕〔(Russian Federation: Amnesty International's concerns and recommendations in the case of Mikhail Trepashkin – Amnesty International )〕〔(Bomb Blamed in Fatal Moscow Apartment Blast ), Richard C. Paddock, Los Angeles Times, 10 September 1999〕〔(At least 90 dead in Moscow apartment blast ), from staff and wire reports, CNN, 10 September 1999〕〔(Did Putin's Agents Plant the Bombs? ), Jamie Dettmer, Insight on the News, 17 April 2000.〕〔’’The consolidation of Dictatorship in Russia’’ by Joel M. Ostrow, Georgil Satarov, Irina Khakamada p.96〕〔 This theory has been criticized by Robert Bruce Ware, Henry Plater-Zyberk, and Simon Saradzhyan.〔〔 ==Previous threats and bombings== A bomb detonated in a crowded market in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania on 19 March 1999, killing 62 and injuring many. A Finnish journalist who in mid-August 1999, before the bombings, traveled to the village of Karamakhi in Dagestan, interviewed some villagers and their military Commander General Dzherollak. The journalist wrote: : "The Wahhabis' trucks go all over Russia. Even one wrong move in Moscow or Makhachkala, they warn, will lead to bombs and bloodshed everywhere." According to the journalist, the Wahhabis had told him, "if they start bombing us, we know where our bombs will explode." In the last days of August, the Russian military launched an aerial bombing of the villages.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Russian apartment bombings」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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